We aim to provide some clarity on the utility and shortcomings of the imaging modalities available, including ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. discribed a metastasis rate of 79. The explosion in the use of ultrasonography as a nonradiating imaging modality in the pediatric population has changed the diagnostic algorithm for many clinicians. As for Cervin et al., Gupta et al., and Nasuti et al., all found that supraclavicular lymph node metastases are more commonly caused by breast and lung tumors 9, 10, 11 while Mitra et al. Lymphoma can affect all those areas as well as other organs throughout the body. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes (lymph glands), spleen, thymus gland and bone marrow. ![]() Malignancies are the most concerning cause of cervical lymphadenopathy. Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting network. They can also occur due to a medical condition, such as an immune disorder or, less commonly, cancer. The second most common cause includes bacterial infections ranging from aerobic to anaerobic to mycobacterial infections. Swollen lymph nodes, or swollen glands, in the neck may indicate an infection. The most common cause of cervical lymphadenopathy in the pediatric population is reactivity to known and unknown viral agents. In the following review, we aim to provide the pediatric clinician with a general framework for an appropriate history and physical examination, while giving guidance on initial diagnostic laboratory testing, imaging, and potential need for biopsy. Symptoms may include any of the following: Feeling very tired all the time. Later it may spread to the spleen, liver, bone marrow, or other organs. The disease can spread to nearby lymph nodes. ![]() With so many children presenting to doctors' offices and emergency departments, a systematic approach to diagnosis and evaluation must be considered. The first sign of Hodgkin lymphoma is often a painless swollen lymph node that appears without a known cause. ![]() Cervical lymphadenopathy affects as many as 90% of children aged 4 to 8 years.
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